The costs of water pollution in India

Unless there have been some environment related acts in India as early as the nineteenth century, 

the first significant laws  regarding the protection  of environmental resources appeared in the 

1970's with the setting up of a National Comimittee on Environmental Planning and

Coordination, and the enactment of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. 

Since then, three  main texts have been passed at the central level, that are relevant to  water

pollution :   the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, the Water (Prevention 

and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 and the Environment (Protection) Act (1986). 

The Water Act 1974 established the Pollution Control Boards at the central and state level.   

The Water Cess Act 1977 provided the Pollution Control Boards with a funding tool, enabling 

them to charge the water user with a cess designed as a financial support for the board's activities. 

The Environment Protection Act 1986 is an umbrella legislation providing a single focus in the 

country for the protection of environment and seeks to plug the loopholes of earlier legislation 

relating to environment.  

The law prohibits the pollution of water bodies and requires any potentially polluting activity to

get the consent of the local SPCB before being started. 

Composition : Each board is composed of a chairman and five  members, with agriculture 

fisheries, and government-owned industries having representation.  

                 

The CPCB has overshight powers over the various state boards. It sets emission standards, and 

lays down ambient standards. The CPCB also conducts nation wide surveys about the status of

pollution, and of pollution mitigation. 

Two programs of inland water quality monitoring have been  set up so far, leading to the 

spreading of  480 measurement stations over the  main river basins of the country. These two

programs are the Global  Environment Monitoring System (GEMS) and Monitoring of Indian

Aquatic Resources (MINARS). The ganga river is subject to a dedicated program called Ganga 

Action Plan (GAP) under which a water quality control network as been set up in the ganga basin. 

The measurement are made in different kind of medium (river, wells, lakes, creeks, ponds, tanks, 

drains and canals) and 25 physico-chemical and biological parameters are monitored. 

The implementation of the national environmental laws, and the enforcement of the standards set

by the CPCB is decentralised at the level of each state, with the SPCB in charge of this role. The

SPCB can demand information from any industry about the  compliance  with the Act. Non-

2compliance can be punished with fines up to Rs. 10000, and imprisonment up to three months. In

case of continued non-compliance, an additional  daily fine of  5000 Rs. can be imposed. Until 

1988, the only enforcement tool of the SPCB was criminal prosecution. This was revised by the 

1988 amendment to the Water Act of 1974. The  boards now  have the power to close noncompliant companies or to cut their  water and power supply. The ultimate recourse remains 

public interest litigation in front on the supreme court. During the last decade, the supreme court 

has been involved several times in large scale environment related measures. In April 1995 for 

example, the Supreme Court of India, in a public interest litigation case, has ordered that 538 

tanneries located in 3 clusters in Calcutta generating about 30 mld of effluents be shifted from the 

city to a leather complex and a CETP (Common Effluent Treatment Plant)be provided to treat the

effluent generated from the complex. In 1996, it has ordered the closure of all tanneries in Tamil 

Nadu that had not set up pollution control systems.

However, control and sanction is not the only way of interaction between the boards and the 

polluting entities. Under the Water  Cess Act of 1977 state boards  may charge industries and 

municipalities with a water cess calculated on the volume of water consumed, and for consent

fees. Nevertheless any fee levied by the SPCBs have to be sent to the central government. The 

central government is then supposed to return 80% of the fees to the SPCBs 

Water Conservation Devices

Water conservation should not be considered an option any longer. Current circumstances require our full attention if we hope to thrive as a civilization. If these statements sound dramatic, it is because much of the world is currently suffering due to a lack of clean water.

(1)Rain Harvesting:-

Rainwater harvesting is a technology used for collecting and storing rainwater from rooftops, the land surface or rock catchments using simple techniques such as jars and pots as well as more complex techniques such as underground check dams.

(2)Showerheads:-

•(1.5 GPM) Powerful, two-setting massage spray showerhead that does not sacrifice performance for efficiency

•Flow control technology: greater force at low pressure!

•Rated #1 showerhead by leading industry organization

•Conserves water and saves money while enhancing pressure, performance and appearance! • 9-jet turbo massage is adjustable: gentle needle spray to forceful jet

•Saves 40% more energy & water

•Non-removable flow compensator

•Non-aerating spray means less temperature loss with maximum energy savings

•Pressure-enhancing construction • Consistent flow rate regardless of water pressure

•Self-cleaning and maintenance-free

•Installs easily by hand and without tools

•Corrosion-resistant, high-impact ABS thermoplastic body

•Meets or exceeds ANSI specifications

•California Energy Commission-certified

•10-year guarantee

(3)Teflon Tape:-

This product is used to quickly seal indoor and outdoor leaks, thereby saving lots and lots of water.

(4)Tankless Water Heaters:-

A tankless water heater provides hot water only when needed. It heats water on demand.

Here’s how it works:-

You turn on the hot water tap, the system rapidly heats cold water (which travels through a pipe into the unit), and hot water flows to your tap as long as you’d like. That means you won’t run out of hot water in the middle of a shower.

Because of the energy efficient capabilities of tankless water heaters you will notice big savings in your monthly utility bills. 

Water Conservation Technology

Water conservation should not be considered an option any longer. Current circumstances require our full attention if we hope to thrive as a civilization. If these statements sound dramatic, it is because much of the world is currently suffering due to a lack of clean water.Statistics around the reveal that our fresh water supply is practically nonexistent. That is why it is so important to seek out, find and start using all the innovative water conservation solutions and methods that are available today.

Water Conservation ideas are cropping up in exciting legislation. That’s why our participation in the voting process is so important. Let’s act now, so our kids will have a brighter, greener future.

Water Conservation Technology / It’s on the rise…

The importance of the conservation of water is on the rise. And factors such as global warming and increased population are just a couple of elements that play a role. Luckily there are many things we, as citizens of the Earth, can do to help.There are numerous water conservation devices available in many retail stores and online that are also affordable. These pages on water conservation are piece of the solution since they help to educate the public as well as offer solutions.

Water Conservation Technology / Companies Making a Difference

As water conservation awareness increases, more companies become determined to provide water-efficient technological advancements that contribute to worldwide water conservation efforts. The solutions available today do not only include water-efficient equipment but also entire systems that reduce usage and wastage.

Leaks are significant sources of wasted water. Often, much water has already been wasted when leaks are found. Nowadays, consumers are beginning to invest in various technologies such as leakage detection equipment and water consumption software so they can tackle water conservation in the home. Companies leading these technological advancements include Instrotech, Hydroshare, and Accurate Detection.

Even appliance companies have produced more water-efficient products. Dishwashers and washing machines have greatly reduced water usage. The type of equipment that previously used 40 liters per load now use about 18 liters. They are mostly those that are developed by companies like Whirlpool, Asko, Fisher & Paykel, and Bosch.

Bathroom fixtures have also become more water-efficient. Old showerheads and taps use up to 20 litres of water per minute. Today, showerheads use 9 litres or less while newer tapware typically use only 4 liters per minute. Toilets and urinals have also become more water-efficient as most now provide the option for either full or half flushing.

Typically, modern toilets use 4.5 litres of water per full flush while old ones use up to 23 liters. Other technology such as hot-water-on-demand equipment have also reduced water wastage. Some companies at the forefront of these developments are Zip Industries, Pacific Products, and Caroma.

Water Conservation Technology / Freedom

Numerous waterless solutions are also becoming popular. Products such as Freedom Waterless Car Wash provide ecologically safe alternatives to running hoses that can flow at up to 30 liters per minute. Using synthetic grass, mostly from Smartgrass and Grass Solutions, has also grown to be an acceptable alternative to water-dependent landscapes.

Those who still prefer natural landscapes can benefit from various horticultural advances. These include water-efficient irrigation systems and horticultural software developed by companies such as Yates, Davey Water Products, Waterwise Systems, Toro, Ladco, and ecoCare.

Various other products that reduce water loss or improve water retention include modern mulches and soil enhancers mostly from companies like Enviromix, Fytogreen, and Waterlog International.

Water Conservation Technology / Greywater

But perhaps the most significant contributors to water conservation are greywater systems as well as rainwater and stormwater harvesting equipment. These do not only ensure efficient harvesting but also safe as well as proper treatment and distribution of reusable water.

Some of the most technologically advanced companies in this industry are Water Pros, ecoCare, Davey Water Products, Wattworks, ADG Global Supply, and Nylex.

These companies continue to research and develop more technologically advanced solutions to address the increasing need to conserve water. While all the recent advancements are enough to drastically reduce the amount of clean water we use, it is up to us to make the conscious decision to take advantage of modern technology for the benefit of the environment and future generations.

Land Resource Management In INDIA

Land is a finite resource and put to many competing uses. It comprises soils,minerals, water and biota. In India land is a source of livelihood for 60 % of the population through agriculture and related activities. Population growth and the consequent demand for land, water and biological resources has put tremendous

pressure on land.

Agenda 21 recognizes the need to allocate land for sustainable uses and promote the integrated planning and management of land resources. 

The condition of land resources in India, along with policies, programmes and technologies adopted.

Institutional set-up
Land is a subject within the legislative and administrative jurisdiction of the states as per the VIIth Schedule of the Constitution, empowering the states to develop policies and enact laws. 
In India, the 3 Ministries responsible for the conservation and management of land resources are the Ministry of Rural Development, Ministry of Agriculture, and Ministry of Environment and Forests. 
At the national level, the Department of Land Resources under Ministry of Rural Development is the nodal agency for coordinating different land resource development and management programmes.

Land use
Of India’s reporting area for land use statistics, about 46.6% is under agriculture, 22.6% is forested, and 13. 6 % is not available for cultivation. Roughly 41 million hectares of land are considered totally unfit (snow cover, desert) or not available (urban use, rivers) for vegetation. The per capita 

13 Land 240 

availability of land declined from 0.89 hectare in 1951 to 0.3 hectares in 2001; the 

per capita availability of agricultured land declined from 0.48 hectare in 1951 to 

0.14 hectares in 2001. 

Besides the pressure of human population, there are about 

500 million cattle and other livestock living off the biomass from the land (Bali,

2000).

Climatic regions in India

The various climatic regions of India are given below:

Name of climatic region	States or territories
Tropical Rainforest	Assam and parts of the Sahyadri Mountain Range
Tropical Savannah	Sahyadri Mountain Range and parts of Maharashtra
Tropical and subtropical steppe	Parts of Punjab and Gujarat
Tropical Desert	Most parts of Rajasthan
Moist subtropical with winter	Parts of Punjab, Assam, and Rajasthan
Mountain climate	Parts of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttaranchal
Drought	Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Haryana
Tropical semi-arid steppe	Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, and other parts of South India

Features of the seasons in India

Given below are the prominent features of the seasons in India in a tabular format:

Name of the season	Features
Winter	The winter in India spans the months of December till the beginning of April. The coldest months of the year are January and December. During this period, the average temperature is approximately 50-59 °F (10-15 °C) in the northwestern parts of the country. The mercury soars as you move in the direction of the equator, and the maximum temperature in this area is close to 68-77 °F or 20-25 °C in the southeastern parts of the Indian territory.
Summer. The summer is also known as the pre-monsoon season.	The summer months are the months of April to June. However, the summer refers to the months of April to July in the northwestern parts of the country. In the southern and western parts of the country, the month with the maximum recorded temperature is April. In case of the northern parts of the country, the month with the maximum recorded temperature is May. The average temperature registered during these months is close to 90-104 °F (32-40 °C) in majority of the inland areas of the country.
Monsoon or rainy season	The monsoon, also known as the rainy season, spans the months of June to September. This season is primarily influenced with the moist southwestern summer torrential rainfall that gradually moves throughout the nation. It starts in the end of May or the beginning of June. The precipitation starts to ebb from Northern India in the early October. Usually, the southern parts of the country get higher volume of precipitation than the northern parts of the country.
Post-monsoon season	The post-monsoon season spans the months of October to December. In the northwest parts of the country, the months of November and October normally have a bright weather. The Indian state of Tamil Nadu gets the maximum volume of yearly rainfall in the northeastern rainy season.

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